In Independent India’s political history, fasts have been a tool of protest over various issues. During the freedom struggle, Mahatma Gandhi described fasts as “a great weapon in the armory of Satyagraha”, and undertook this form of protest at least 20 times. His longest hunger strike was in 1943, when he fasted for 21 days against his detention over disturbances caused during the Quit India movement.

The first major fast-unto-death protest in Independent India was in 1952 when Potti Sriramulu stopped eating over his demand for a separate state of Andhra Pradesh from the erstwhile Madras state. His death after 58 days of fasting sparked violent protests and finally led to the government carving Andhra Pradesh out of the then Madras State in 1953.

In 1969, Sikh leader Darshan Singh Pheruman fasted unto death over the inclusion of Punjabi-speaking regions, including Chandigarh, within the then newly created Punjab state. He died after fasting for 74 days. Following his death, his supporters floated the Shaheed Pheruman Akali Dal but this party has thus far failed to establish any significant foothold in Punjab politics.

In November 2000, after 10 civilians were allegedly gunned down by the 8th Assam Rifles in Manipur, then 28-year-old activist Irom Sharmila began an indefinite hunger strike against the killing and later against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Three days after she began her fast, Irom was arrested for “attempting suicide” and remained in police custody for 16 years, where authorities force fed her through the nose even as she continued her hunger strike, earning the epithet of the Iron Lady of Manipur. . She ended her fast in 2016, without achieving her goal.

International groups from the United Nations to the International Red Cross described the force feeding of Sharmila as a “form of torture” and a violation of prisoners’ right to refuse food, and in 2021, the Madras High Court ruled that a hunger strike would not constitute an attempt to commit suicide.

In 2006, Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee used a hunger strike to protest against alleged forcible land acquisition by the Left government in West Bengal for the Tata Group’s Nano factory. She called off her 25-day hunger strike following appeals by then President APJ Abdul Kalam and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and the Tatas eventually withdrew from the state. The incident proved to be a turning point for Bengal politics and catapulted Mamata to power five years later in the 2011 Assembly polls, which ended the Left’s rule of over three decades.

In 2009, Telangana Rashtra Samithi leader K Chandrashekar Rao, or KCR, began a fast-unto-death demanding statehood. The Congress, which at the time was also under pressure nationally, relented within 10 days, promising the creation of the state of Telangana. After extensive discussion on the specifics of the state boundary and the choice of capital, Telangana came into existence around four-and-a-half years later in 2014 with KCR as its first CM.

In 2011, activist Anna Hazare’s movement seeking a Lokpal against corruption during the UPA government put hunger strikes to the forefront of national discourse again. Less than four days into his indefinite fast, the government agreed to his demands and set up a committee to draft the Lokpal Bill, which was eventually passed by Parliament in 2013. The roots of the Aam Aadmi Party go back to Hazare’s movement, with Arvind Kejriwal among those involved in the anti-corruption protests.

Former Andhra Pradesh CM and Telugu Desam Party chief N Chandrababu Naidu went on a hunger strike in 2018 over the special status demand for the state. Naidu went on to snap ties with then ally BJP over this demand. The same year, activist-turned-politician Hardik Patel began a fast to demand reservation for Patidar youths in government jobs and education as well as farm loan waiver.

In late 2020, following the passage of the three controversial farm laws by the BJP government, farmers began a nationwide protest, which included a relay hunger strike to pressure the Center to repeal the laws.

More recently, activist Manoj Jarange-Patil has led a series of fasts to demand reservations for the Maratha community in Maharashtra. In February, the state Assembly passed 10% reservation in jobs and educational institutes.

In October, climate activist Sonam Wangchuk held a 21-day hunger strike to demand constitutional safeguards for the Union Territory of Ladakh, and the protection of its ecologically fragile ecosystem from industrial and mining lobbies. He also called for a “Pashmina March” from Leh to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) but later withdrew the plan amid fears of violence.